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| 1402 |
| | | The Ottoman sultan Bayazid is defeated and captured near Ankara by Timur, who keeps the sultan in captivity until his death the following year | |
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| 1443 |
| | | Skanderbeg, Albania's national hero, begins his long campaign of successes against the Turks | |
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| 1443 |
| | | The Hungarian general Janos Hunyadi takes Sofia from the Turks and in the next few months liberates most of Bulgaria, Serbia and Albania | |
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| 1444 |
| | | A Turkish army routs the Hungarians at Varna on the Black Sea, beginning a process which brings the Turks to the gates of Belgrade by 1456 | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | | Christian boys, trained as slaves in the personal service of the Turkish sultan, acquire considerable power as the elite corps of janissaries | |
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| 1453 |
| | | The Turks terrify Constantinople by lobbing vast stones at the city from a 19-ton bombard of cast iron | |
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| 1453 |
| | | Constantinople falls to a 21-year-old Muslim conqueror, Mehmed II, bringing the Ottoman Turks their capital city | |
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| 1453 |
| | | The Christian emperor Constantine XI dies in the fighting in Constantinople, as the Greek Byzantine empire yields to that of the Ottoman Turks | |
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| 1456 |
| | | The Turks, besieging Belgrade, are dispersed by a peasant army inspired by the preaching of a Franciscan friar, St John of Capistrano | |
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| 1460 |
| | | The Turks complete the occupation of Greece, which remains within the Ottoman empire until the nineteenth century | |
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